WG-EMM-06

Life-history theory predicts that adults of long-lived species such as seabirds should optimally balance investment in current and future offspring. However, when trying to optimize investment in offspring provisioning, the most energetically costly component of seabird parental care, adults need to contend with large interannual fluctuations in prey availability and hence the cost of chick Read More
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The spatial and temporal variability in the fish component of the diet of Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella (Peters 1975) in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean was examined using diet data from ten sites in the region including a 13 year time-series from South Georgia. The fish species composition in the diet at each site showed a strong relationship with the local marine Read More
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We used satellite telemetry methods to study macaroni penguins at South Georgia to determine how they ranged from their colonies during the early part of their breeding season at a time when they are constrained to return to their chick on a near-daily basis. The principal objectives of this study were to examine whether animals exploit major oceanographic features where prey may be more Read More
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Climate warming and associated sea ice reductions in Antarctica have modified habitat conditions for some species. These include the congeneric Adélie, chinstrap and gentoo penguins, which now demonstrate remarkable population responses to regional warming. However, inconsistencies in the direction of population changes between species at different study sites complicate the understanding of Read More
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Climate variability has strong effects on marine ecosystems, with repercussions that range in scale from those that impact individuals to those that impact the entire food web. Climate-induced changes in the abundance of species in lower trophic levels can cascade up to apex predators by depressing vital rates. However, the characteristics and predictability of predator demographic responses Read More
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Our ninth complete consecutive season of seabird research at Cape Shirreff allowed us to assess trends in penguin population size, as well as inter-annual variation in reproductive success, diet and foraging behaviour. The gentoo penguin breeding population declined marginally from the previous season and is the third lowest population size in the 10 years of census data. The chinstrap penguin Read More
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Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus) were estimated to kill some 6 000 Cape gannet (Morus capensis) fledglings around Malgas Island in the 2000/01 breeding season, 11 000 in 2003/04 and 10 000 in 2005/06. This amounted to about 29%, 83% and 57% of the overall production of fledglings at the island in these breeding seasons, respectively. Preliminary modelling suggests this predation is not Read More
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We used radio telemetry and observations to study the activity patterns and behaviour of gentoo penguin chicks during their “fledging period”; defined as the time between a chick’s first trip to sea and its final dispersal from the breeding colony. Our study was conducted at a colony of approximately 2500 breeding pairs of gentoo penguins in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Read More
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Bycatch of small (< 150 mm) fish and squid in the 2004 krill fishery around the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia was estimated to provide information on the ecological impact of the fishery and the biology of the bycatch species. Unprocessed krill catches were sampled aboard four commercial vessels to describe and quantify bycatch. Most hauls (67 %) contained small fish and the Read More
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This paper summarises the notifications received from Members intending to particpate in the krill fishery in Area 48 in the 2006/07season.

This report on the krill fishery in Area 48 has been prepared in a format similar to the “Fishery Reports” developed by WG-FSA in 2004. As reported to the CCAMLR Secretariat, 7 vessels from 5 Contracting Parties are fishing for krill in Area 48 in the 2005/06 season, and these vessels have taken 64415 t of krill to date. Two CCAMLR scientific observers have been deployed. The preliminary Read More
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The CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program (CEMP) uses indices derived from data on indicator species collected by standard methods in the three Integrated Study Regions of the Convention Area. Each year the Secretariat updates the standardised index values and provides a summary of trends and anomalies in these data. This report covers predator indices only.
Data were submitted by 8 Read More
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Mark-resight data were analysed for five cohorts (1997-2001) to estimate age-specific juvenile survival, age at first reproduction, and resight probabilities. Longitudinal histories of presence and pregnancy of adult females (aged by cementum annuli) were used to estimate age-specific survival and natality. Data on tagged juveniles were collected from 1998-2005 and for adult females from 2000- Read More
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Spatially explicit simulation models of the Antarctic marine ecosystem are needed to evaluate management procedures for the Antarctic krill fishery. The key issues to be resolved in the development of a harvest strategy are whether (i) spatial differences in the productivity of krill give rise to differential affects on predators in different locations, (ii) movement of krill between locations Read More
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Large ecosystems are often partitioned into spatial compartments (bio- or biophysical regions and/or ecoregions) in order to better understand the relative importance of ecosystem processes or for the purposes of managing human activities in relatively ecologically discrete areas. Regionalisation algorithms attempt to partition a broad spatial area into discrete spatial regions, each with Read More
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The analysis of krill density and biomass distributions was made by the example of SGE and SGW which are located in ecologically crucial areas affecting land-based predators around South Georgia, being the traditional krill fishing areas. The data collected during the 2000 CCAMLR Survey and Russian survey 2002 were used. Processing of the acoustic survey data in 2000-2002 was made applying Read More
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Many modern spatially explicit ecosystem models use modelling subdomains of different shape and size (‘polygons’) to resolve space, and movement of biomass between them forms an important part of the modelling effort. In marine applications, a flow field grid describing the water movement usually forms the basis for movement of passive or nearly passive biomass. Grid-based advection algorithms Read More
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Brief description of scientific observation aboard Ukrainian krill vessel Konstruktor Koshkin in 48.1, 48.2 Subareas in the last fishing season.

Description of some biological and ecological investigations of Ukraine in Antarctica in vicinity of Argentine Islands Archipelago are presented. Main activity: investigations of birds populations, krill population, complete meteorological observations, hydrological researches, long-term variations study of the atmosphere ozonedepleting organic halides, study of the ice caps and glaciers Read More
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Using data collected from US AMLR surveys conducted in the South Shetland Islands we review the trends in biomass, size frequency distribution and proportional recruitment of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) between 1997 and present. Over the last five years proportional recruitment as been extremely low, and the population has aged, suggesting there has been little recruitment since 2000- Read More
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This paper explains the background and scientific rationale behind New Zealand’s decision to send two separate research voyages to the Balleny Islands, located north of the Ross Sea, in the Antarctic summer of early 2006. The first of these voyages involved a dedicated research expedition to the Balleny Islands exclusively, utilizing R/V Tiama, a 15 m expedition yacht. The second voyage Read More
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We describe the compilation and derivation of parameters for use in krill-fishery-predator models of the Scotia Sea – Antarctic Peninsula region. The primary aim is to provide input for the model developed by Watters et al. (2006), which we use to define the required parameters. However, these parameters should be applicable to other models of the system. Our methods include the use of Read More
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We summarize three types of data in order to increase appreciation among fishery managers of the close spatial and temporal ecological overlaps among top predators in the Ross Sea Shelf Ecosystem (RSShE). This includes data on diet, foraging behavior, and habitat use. Murphy (1995) demonstrated that space-time overlap is critical to predicting the degree to which a fishery might affect a food Read More
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A Management Procedure (MP) approach is proposed to assist in advising regarding the subdivision of the precautionary catch limit for krill among 15 small-scale management units (SSMUs) in the Scotia Sea to reduce the potential impact of fishing on land-breeding predators. The Spatial Multi-species Operating Model (SMOM) developed in Plaganyi and Butterworth (2006) is used as an operating Read More
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It was shown that potential increase in krill fishery in the immediate future, accompanied by introduction of highly intensive fishing and processing technologies call for studying the fishery influence on ecosystem components beyond the framework of traditional investigations of predator-krill- fishery interactions. In this case, apart from traditional commercial statistics (vessels location Read More
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ICED is a multidisciplinary, international initiative recently launched in response to the increasing need to develop integrated circumpolar analyses of Southern Ocean ecosystems. The long-term goal of ICED is to develop a coordinated circumpolar approach to understand climate interactions in the Southern Ocean, the implications for ecosystem dynamics, the impacts on biogeochemical cycles, and Read More
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Upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profilers (300 kHz, ADCP) and echosounders (125 kHz) were deployed on moorings on- and off-shelf to the northwest of South Georgia to measure abundance of Antarctic krill continuously between 14 October 2002 and 29 December 2005. A distinct seasonal pattern in krill abundance was detected that recurred consistently over all 3 years. Krill densities in Read More
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Antarctic krill has been studied for many decades, but we are still long way from understanding their biology to be able to make reliable predictions about the reaction of their populations to environmental change. This is partly due to certain difficulties in relation to logistics, operations and survey design associated with scientific surveys that have been obstacles for us to better Read More
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A long term study on the maturity cycle of Antarctic krill was conducted in a research aquarium. Antarctic krill were either kept individually or in a batch for 8 months under different temperature and food conditions, and the succession of female maturity stages and intermoult periods were observed. In all cases regression and re-maturation of external sexual characteristics were observed, Read More
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We have substantially revised the krill-predator-fishery model that was presented to the WG-EMM in 2005. The new version of our model is called KPFM2, and we have addressed all four of the changes which the WG-EMM indicated would be required to use the model for providing advice on the allocation of catch among the SSMUs (i.e., add seasonality, consider alternative movement hypotheses, add Read More
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Responses of predator populations to environmental variability in the Antarctic have tended to exhibit site- and species-specific differences owing to variation in geographic settings and predator life-history strategies. Five populations of Pygoscelis penguins from King George Island and Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, were examined to compare up to 25 years of data on Read More
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We compare two versions of the krill-predator-fishery model to demonstrate the extent to which the predictions of KPFM1 can be reproduced with KPFM2. We also discuss the incorporation of seasonality into parameter estimates and a necessary change in the predator recruitment function of KPFM2. These comparisons provide a preliminary indication that the substantial changes in the structure and Read More
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This paper addresses work conducted on the Mori-Butterworth multi-species model of the Antarctic ecosystem subsequent to the Ulsan meeting of the IWC Scientific Committee. Points raised about the model during that meeting are addressed in turn. Results are quoted that suggest that krill is indeed unable to fully utilise the primary production available. The precision of parameters estimated Read More
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At the 2005 Scientific Committee (the Committee) Meeting (CCAMLR), Norway indicated that a Norwegian-flagged vessel, “Saga Sea” would be fishing for krill in the 2005/06 fishing season using modified gear and trawl system. The Committee agreed that this new technology would not be considered a ‘new and exploratory fishery’ if a monitoring system was implemented that provided adequate Read More
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Satellite telemetry was used to determine the winter movements and distributions of eight chinstrap penguins known to breed at one of two colonies in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula region during the 2000 and 2004 austral winters. Six birds from a breeding site in Admiralty Bay on King George Island (620 10’ S, 580 27’ W) were instrumented with satellite tags following their Read More
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A multidisciplinary, single-ship survey of CCAMLR Division 58.4.2 was conducted in January-March 2006, during which time multifrequency echosounder data were collected for the purposes of estimating the biomass (B₀) of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). The mean density of E. superba, integrated to 250 m depth across the survey area (1,566,157 km<sup>2 Read More
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This document outlines the preliminary results of an Australian survey of CCAMLR Division 58.4.2 (the South West Indian Ocean Sector of the Southern Ocean 30-80°E) in January-March 2006, which was designed around an acoustic biomass survey for krill and a large-scale oceanographic survey. The survey is intended to produce a new estimate of krill biomass (B0) for this Division so that a revised Read More
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We report on the further development of a carbon-budget trophic-model of the Ross Sea with which to investigate effects of the fishery for Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni). The Ross Sea is a low primary production system, with production being localised in space and time. In the relative absence of krill, Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica) are probably the major middle- Read More
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An assessment of the environmental processes influencing variability in the recruitment and density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba DANA) is important as variability in krill stocks affects the Antarctic marine ecosystem as a whole. Naganobu et al. (1999) had assessed variability in krill recruitment and density in the Antarctic Peninsula area with an environmental factor; strength of Read More
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A Spatial Multi-species Operating Model (SMOM) of the underlying krill-predator-fishery dynamics is developed in response to requests for scientific advice regarding the subdivision of the precautionary catch limit for krill among 15 small-scale management units (SSMUs) in the Scotia Sea to reduce the potential impact of fishing on land-based predators. The model is intended to complement the Read More
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This report presents results from a pilot study to investigate the use of acoustics to estimate middle trophic level prey organisms (e.g., krill and mesopelagic fish) in the Ross Sea. Single frequency (38 kHz) acoustic data were available from New Zealand longline vessels participating in the exploratory fishery for toothfish in 2002–03 and 2005–06, and multifrequency (12, 38, and 120 kHz) Read More
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A standardized krill net sampling survey was conducted in the Lazarev Sea (Subarea 48.6) in December 2005. Krill densities were low in the Lazarev Sea. No substantial day/night differences were observed in the catches. Spatial distribution of krill density and size/age classes is discussed for the Lazarev Sea. Recruitment indices were calculated for one-year-old (R1) and two-year-old krill (R2 Read More
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