Documents

Numéro du document	Titre	Point(s) de l'ordre du jour
WG-EMM-05/1 Plus d'infos	Provisional Agenda and Provisional Annotated Agenda for the 2005 Meeting of the Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management (WG-EMM) Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/10 Plus d'infos	Proposal to standardise the submission of meeting documents to working groups Secretariat Résumé: At the request of the Scientific Committee, the Secretariat has prepared a single reference document which provides guidelines for the submission of meeting documents to the Scientific Committee, WG-EMM and WG-FSA (including ad hoc WG-IMAF). In the Secretariat’s view, the guidelines would benefit from some standardisation of the Working Group-specific differences in relation to: submission Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/11 Plus d'infos	The BROKE-West acoustic krill biomass survey of CCAMLR Division 58.4.2 S. Nicol, S. Kawaguchi, T. Jarvis and T. Pauly (Australia) Résumé: This document updates plans by Australia to conduct an acoustic biomass survey for krill in CCAMLR Division 58.4.2 (the South West Indian Ocean Sector) in January-March 2006. The survey is intended to produce a new estimate of B0 for this Division so that a revised precautionary catch limit can be established by CCAMLR. . The survey will be conducted from a single ship and will consist of 11 Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/12 Plus d'infos	Descriptive analysis of haul data from FV Atlantic Navigator in Elephant Islands (48.1), South Georgia Islands (48.3) and South Orkney Islands (48.3) krill fishery (summer 2004 to early winter 2005) O. Pin, H. Nión, E. Delfino and P. Meneses (Uruguay) Résumé: Data from individual hauls carried out by krill F/V “Atlantic Navigator” operating in three fishing zones were analyzed: Elephant islands zone (48.1), South Georgias islands zone (48.3) and South Orkney islands zone (48.2). The fishing season was extended from 19/2/04 (summer 2004) to 7/4/05 (early winter 2005) with a total of 251 days of effective fishing. Descriptive study of the fishery Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/13 Appendix 3 Plus d'infos	Summary of work done to augment and enhance that presented in WG-EMM-05/13 G.M. Watters, J.T. Hinke (USA), K. Reid and S. Hill (United Kingdom) Résumé: This document summarizes work that we completed after submitting background document WG-EMM-05/13. Our intent here is to augment and enhance WG-EMM-05/13, and the follwing text can be attached to WG-EMM-05/13 as its third appendix. To facilitate such attachment, we start the page numbering of this appendix at page 55. This appendix contains 1) example parameterizations and results for krill Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/13 Plus d'infos	A krill–predator–fishery model for evaluating candidate management procedures G.M. Watters, J.T. Hinke (USA), K. Reid and S. Hill (United Kingdom) Résumé: The CCAMLR has recognised the need to subdivide the precautionary krill catch limit for Statistical Area 48 amongst smaller spatial units in order to minimize the localized depletion of krill in predator foraging areas. These smaller spatial units, termed small-scale management units (SSMUs), have been defined, and six candidate procedures for subdividing the catch have been identified. It is Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/14 Plus d'infos	Modelling the impact of krill fishing on seal and penguin colonies É.E. Plagányi and D.S. Butterworth (South Africa) Résumé: A key area of concern highlighted by the Scientific Committee of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) concerns the potential overlap of the krill fishery with the foraging area of land-based predators such as seals and penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula region. The dynamics of krill in this region are strongly influenced by advective processes. A Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/15 Plus d'infos	Some additional data challenge the concept of the distribution of the gravid krill females related to bottom depths V.A. Sushin, F.F. Litvinov, A.S. Sundakov and G. Andrianov (Russia) Résumé: The distribution of krill females of the different maturity stages was considered to reveal the preferable bottom depths for the spawning. Calculations based on the three expanded scientific surveys and numerous data from observers revealed no statistically reliable tendency in the gravid females to move offshore to deeper waters. The possible reasons causing the spawning females distribution Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/16 Plus d'infos	Preliminary report of the Japanese RV Kaiyo Maru survey in the Ross Sea and adjacent waters, Antarctica, in 2004/05 M. Naganobu, K. Taki and T. Hayashi (Japan) Résumé: A survey of the Japanese R/V Kaiyo Maru was carried out to collect data simultaneously on ecological interaction of environment – Antarctic krill – whales in the Ross Sea and adjacent waters during December 2004 and February 2005. Transect lines along 165E, 175E, 180, 175W, 170W and 165W were investigated to cover hot spots which suggest high concentrated krill and whales such as the Scott Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/17 Plus d'infos	Time series of Drake Passage Oscillation Index (DPOI) from 1952 to 2005, Antarctica M. Naganobu and K. Kutsuwada (Japan) Résumé: An assessment of the environmental processes influencing variability in the recruitment and density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba DANA) is important as variability in krill stocks affects the Antarctic marine ecosystem as a whole. Naganobu et al. (1999) had assessed variability in krill recruitment and density in the Antarctic Peninsula area with an environmental factor; strength of Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/18 Plus d'infos	Developing a carbon-budget trophic model of the Ross Sea, Antarctica: work in progress M. Pinkerton, S. Hanchet, J. Bradford-Grieve and P. Wilson (New Zealand) Résumé: We report on the development of a carbon-budget trophic-model of the Ross Sea. We provisionally defined the food web of the Ross Sea as having the following functional compartments: birds, seals, toothed whales, baleen whales, large bentho-pelagic predatory fish (mainly adult Antarctic toothfish), pelagic and juvenile fish (mainly Antarctic silverfish), demersal fish (skates, rattails, Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/19 Plus d'infos	By-catch of fishes caught by the fishery vessel Niitaka Maru in the South Georgia area (August to September 2004) T. Iwami, T. Hayashi, K. Taki and M. Naganobu (Japan) Résumé: Scientific observations on fishes incidentally caught during commercial krill fisheries by F/V Niitaka Maru (5306t) were made from August 6 to September 9, 2004 to the north of South Georgia Island. Among 100 net hauls quantitatively examined, a total of 12 species belonging to 6 families of by-catch fishes were occurred in 76 trawl catches. The family Myctophidae, the most abundant taxa Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/2 Plus d'infos	List of Participants Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/20 Plus d'infos	Quantifying within- and between-season variability in Adélie penguin fledgling weights: statistical and practical implications for detecting change L. Emmerson, C. Southwell and J. Clarke (Australia) Résumé: We develop statistical models of Adélie penguin fledgling weight data collected at Béchervaise Island and use them in a power analysis as a continuation of the CEMP review. The statistical models incorporate both within- and between- season variability of fledgling weights from first principles using raw data as recommended in Southwell et al. (2004). These models should be viewed as initial Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/21 Plus d'infos	Do Adélie penguin fledgling weights provide an index of prey availability? L. Emmerson, C. Southwell and J. Clarke (Australia) Résumé: We examine fledgling weights measured over 11 years at Béchervaise Island in relation to two assumed proxies of prey availability: breeding success and foraging trip duration. Concordance between the two proxies was apparent when considering guard stage foraging trip durations but this was not as strong for the crèche foraging trips later in the season. Fledgling weights which are measured at Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/22 Plus d'infos	Detection of systematic change in Adélie penguin foraging trip duration: consequences of high inter-annual variability and usefulness of ice cover as a covariate J. Clarke, C. Southwell and L.M. Emmerson (Australia) Résumé: Power analyses were carried out using a 12 year data set from the Béchervaise Island Adélie penguin colony with the aim of determining minimum sample sizes required to detect systematic temporal change in CEMP Parameter A5 (penguin foraging trip duration). Two different types of systematic change were investigated: 1) change occurring at a constant rate after a certain point in time and 2) a Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/23 Plus d'infos	Estimating the abundance of pack-ice seals off east Antarctica C. Southwell (Australia), D. Borchers, C. Paxton (United Kingdom), B. de la Mare (Canada), P. Boveng (USA), A.S. Blix and E.S. Nordoy (Norway) Résumé: A survey was undertaken to provide estimates of the abundance of crabeater, Ross and leopard seal populations in 1,500,000 km2 of pack-ice off east Antarctica between longitudes 60-150oE. Sighting surveys were undertaken along almost 10,000 km of survey transect from an icebreaker and two helicopters to estimate the density of seals hauled out on the ice in survey strips. The probability of Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/24 Plus d'infos	Developments, considerations and recommendations by the land-based predator survey group: a summary and up-date C. Southwell (Australia), P. Trathan (United Kingdom), W. Trivelpiece, M. Goebel (USA) and P. Wilson (New Zealand) Résumé: A summary of considerations and decisions made by the correspondence group on land-based predator abundance is provided for comment by the Working Group. In order to complete specifications for future survey work, the correspondence group seeks advice from the Working Group on the relevant spatial unit for estimation in Area 48 and the required precision for estimation in each unit. A workshop Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/25 Plus d'infos	A GIS tool to assist in the planning and design of sample surveys of the abundance of colonial breeding species C. Southwell, R. Dreissen, S. Candy, G. McPherson and J. Clarke (Australia) Résumé: A GIS tool to assist in the planning and designing of surveys of colonial breeding species is described. The tool could be applied to any region of Antarctica given available colony map and count data. The tool currently implements only very simple survey designs, but could be further developed to implement more complex and efficient designs. An example of its potential use is provided. In the Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/26 Plus d'infos	Using carapace measurements to determine the sex of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) J.D. Lipsky, M.E. Goebel, C.S. Reiss and V. Loeb (USA) Résumé: Krill carapaces measurements have been used to reconstruct krill length frequencies in Antarctic fur seal diet. The discriminant function currently used to determine sex, and the sex-specific allometric equations for calculating total length from carapace length, were derived from South Georgia krill populations. The equations have been applied to fur seal diet studies in the South Shetlands Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/27 Plus d'infos	Modelling growth of Antarctic krill: a new approach to describing the growth trajectory S. Candy and S. Kawaguchi (Australia) Résumé: Von Bertalanffy (VB) growth models for Antarctic krill have in the past been calibrated from population-level data consisting of modal lengths obtained from a time sequence of length frequency samples. We develop an alternative approach to predicting the trajectory of length over time using a step-growth function that combines models of instantaneous growth rate (IGR) at moult calibrated from Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/28 Plus d'infos	Fishing ground selection in krill fishery: trends in its patterns across years, seasons, and nations S. Kawaguchi (Australia), K. Taki and M. Naganobu (Japan) Résumé: Patterns of fishing ground selection were characterized using STATLANT and CCAMLR fine scale data. Among the 15 SSMUs within Areas 48.1, 48.2 and 48.3 including the pelagic SSMUs, only one third of them were identified as the main contributors to the total catch. A shift of operational timing towards later months within fishing seasons was observed in Area 48.1 (Dec-Feb to Mar-May). However, Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/29 Plus d'infos	Modelling growth of Antarctic krill: growth trends with sex, length, season, and region S. Kawaguchi, S. Candy, R. King (Australia), M. Naganobu (Japan) and S. Nicol (Australia) Résumé: Growth trends of Antarctic krill with sex, length, season and region using over 10 years accumulation of instantaneous growth rate (IGR) measurements were modelled using a Linear Mixed Model (LMM). A model of inter-moult period (IMP) as a function of temperature, required to convert IGR to specific growth rate, was fitted to data from published constant-temperature rearing studies and this Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/3 Plus d'infos	List of Documents Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/30 Plus d'infos	A conceptual model of Japanese krill fishery S. Kawaguchi, S. Nicol (Australia), K. Taki and M. Naganobu (Japan) Résumé: The behaviour patterns of Japanese krill fishery vessels in Area 48 were analysed using questionnaires on the reasons why the vessel changed their fishing grounds, which were sent out to of the Japanese fishing vessel since the 1989/90 fishing season. Among many reasons for changing fishing grounds, krill density, krill, size, ice condition, transshipment, and salp-by catch accounted for 95.6 Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/31 Plus d'infos	CCAMLR observer manual questionnaires: summary results of preliminary analysis during its introductory period S. Kawaguchi and S. Nicol (Australia) Résumé: Preliminary analysis of data from the questionnaires of krill fishery behavior in CCAMLR observer manual was undertaken. The analysis revealed possible inconsistency in definitions of the event codes among different skippers. Some suggestions were made to improve the quality of questionnaire format to better understand the nature of the fishery. Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/32 Plus d'infos	On the use of scientific observers on board krill fishing vessels Delegation of Ukraine Résumé: Wide-scale monitoring of the status of Antarctic krill resources had been previously conducted by the USSR and its results still allow scientist to prepare forecasts of changes in the ecosystem. However, at present such monitoring seems difficult. Taking into account these points, Ukrainian scientists requested that draft amendments to a number of CCAMLR Conservation Measures be considered to Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/33 Plus d'infos	Implementing plausible ecosystem models for the Southern Ocean: an ecosystem, productivity, ocean, climate (EPOC) model A.J. Constable Résumé: An ecosystem, productivity, ocean, climate (EPOC) model has been developed in the R statistical language to help explore topical issues on Antarctic marine ecosystems, including impacts of climate change, consequences of over-exploitation, conservation requirements of recovery and interacting species, and the need to evaluate whether harvest strategies are ecologically sustainable. As such, it Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/34 Plus d'infos	Modelling the predator–prey interactions of krill, baleen whales and seals in the Antarctic ecosystem M. Mori and D.S. Butterworth (South Africa) Résumé: The history of human harvests of seals, whales, fish and krill in the Antarctic is summarized briefly, and the central role played by krill emphasized. The background to the hypothesis of a krill surplus in the mid 20th Century is described, and the information on population and trend levels that has become available since the postulate was first advanced is discussed. The objective of the Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/35 Plus d'infos	A proposal for streamlining the work of the Scientific Committee for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources A.J. Constable (Australia) Résumé: The work of the Scientific Committee is expanding with a duplication of some functions in different working groups. There is also a need to give time to emerging issues for which there is insufficient time at present in the existing working groups, such as consideration of marine protected areas in a CCAMLR context. It is proposed that the working groups of the Scientific Committee be revised Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/36 Plus d'infos	Preliminary report of sound-speed contrast and density of krill measured on board RV Kaiyo Maru Y. Takao, H. Yasuma, R. Matsukura and M. Naganobu (Japan) Résumé: The target strength (TS) of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, is a scaling factor to convert the acoustic backscattering strength into the population density. Therefore, it is important to improve the accuracy and precision of the TS value. Since in situ and experimental TS measurements of small animals like krill are difficult, the theoretical scattering models are used to predict the Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/37 Plus d'infos	Mortality of macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) at Marion Island caused by avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida) in 2004/05 R.J.M. Crawford, B.M Dyer, M.S. De Villiers, G.J.G. Hofmeyr and D. Tshingana (South Africa) Résumé: At Marion Island, an outbreak of Avian Cholera Pasteurella multocida killed about 2 000 Macaroni Penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus at the colony at Kildalkey Bay during November 2004. Other colonies of Macaroni Penguins and other species of seabirds were not affected. In March 1993, an unknown disease killed several thousand Macaroni Penguins at Bullard Beach, but also did not affect other Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/38 Plus d'infos	Breeding numbers and success of Eudyptes penguins at Marion Island, and the influence of arrival of adults R.J.M. Crawford, J. Cooper, B.M. Dyer and L.G. Underhill (South Africa) Résumé: At Marion Island, there was considerable correlation in numbers of adults breeding at study colonies for both Macaroni Eudyptes chrysolophus and Eastern Rockhopper E. chrysocome filholi Penguins, over 26 and 22 years respectively, suggesting over-wintering conditions may influence the proportions of birds breeding. For both species the time of arrival of females for breeding, and for Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/39 Plus d'infos	Information on the CEP’S Antarctic site inventory Secretariat Résumé: In 2004, the Commission tasked the Secretariat to discuss with the Committee on Environmental Protection (CEP) the nature of available data from the Antarctic Site Inventory, and to invite consideration by appropriate Working Groups of whether the data would be of value to CCAMLR. Information about the data is presented for consideration by WG-EMM. Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/4 Plus d'infos	CEMP Indices: 2005 update Secretariat Résumé: The CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program (CEMP) uses indices derived from data on indicator species collected by standard methods within the three Integrated Study Regions of the Convention Area. Each year the Secretariat updates the standardised index values and provides a summary of trends and anomalies in these data. In addition, developments during the intersessional period are reported. Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/41 Plus d'infos	Some characteristics of krill transport in the Scotia Sea based on the Russian survey data S.M. Kasatkina, V.N. Shnar and O.V. Berezhinsky (Russia) Résumé: In this work the characteristics of krill transport across the SSMUs determined on the basis of long-term Russian research in Area 48 are considered. Estimates of mean current velocities based on the long-term data from 3012 stations and respective time intervals when the water mass in the study area was totally replaced are presented. It is shown that in SSMUs the multiple total replacement Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/42 Plus d'infos	A quantified Bayesian maximum entropy estimate of Antarctic krill abundance across the Scotia Sea and in small-scale management units from the 2000 CCAMLR survey B.G. Heywood, S.F. Gull and A.S. Brierley (United Kingdom) Résumé: We present the results of an alternative method of estimating krill abundance, and producing maps of krill distribution, from the data collected during the 2000 CCAMLR survey of the Scotia Sea. Using a probabilistic Bayesian Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) technique, density values for the unsurveyed off-transect portions of the survey area were found by interpolation, and thus values for total Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/43 Plus d'infos	Report of the Workshop on Management Procedures (Yokohama, Japan, 4 to 8 July 2005) Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/5 Plus d'infos	Krill fishery report: 2005 update Secretariat Résumé: This report on the krill fishery in Area 48 has been prepared in a format similar to the “Fishery Reports” developed by WG-FSA in 2004. As reported to the CCAMLR Secretariat, 9 vessels from 6 Contracting Parties are fishing for krill in Area 48 in the 2004/05 season, and these vessels have taken 62049 t of krill to date. Two CCAMLR scientific observers have been deployed. The preliminary Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/6 Plus d'infos	Summary of notifications of krill fisheries in 2005/06 Secretariat Résumé: This paper summarises the notifications received from Members intending to particpate in the krill fishery in Area 48 in the 2005/06 season. Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/7 Plus d'infos	Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No. XYX, Edmonson Point, Wood Bay, Victoria Land, Ross Sea Delegation of Italy Résumé: Edmonson Point (74°20' S, 165°08' E) is located in Wood Bay, Victoria Land, Ross Sea, at the foot of the eastern slopes of Mount Melbourne, about 50 km NE of Mario Zucchelli Station at Terra Nova Bay (Italy). Edmonson Point is one of the largest of the few low-lying coastal ice-free areas in Northern Victoria Land and was first identified in the 1980s as a site that could merit special Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/8 Plus d'infos	Review of the Admiralty Bay Antarctic Specially Managed Area Management Plan (ASMA No. 1) Delegations of Brazil and Poland Résumé: A Management Plan for designating Admiralty Bay and its surroundings as an Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA), under Annex 5 of the Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection, was jointly proposed by Brazil and Poland, in coordination with Ecuador and Peru and voluntarily adopted by the ATCPs at ATCM XX (Utrecht, 1996). The document presented here is a revision of the Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion
WG-EMM-05/9 Plus d'infos	Seabird research at Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, Antarctica, 2004/05 A.K. Miller, E. Leung and W.Z. Trivelpiece (USA) Résumé: The eighth complete consecutive season of data collection at Cape Shirreff has enabled us to examine trends in penguin population dynamics, as well as inter-annual variation in penguin diet, and foraging behaviour. The chinstrap breeding population at Cape Shirreff has continued to decline over the past six years, and is at its lowest size in the past eight years of study, and fledging success Read More Soumis par: Admin Admin (Secrétariat de la CCAMLR) Demander un document de réunion

WG-EMM-05

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